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  Flash Floods in Northern Pakistan: A Crisis Compounded by Climate Change Introduction Pakistan, a country known for its diverse landscapes and rich culture, has been battling the adverse effects of climate change in recent years. One of the most pressing issues is the increased frequency and intensity of flash floods in the northern region. These floods not only cause immediate destruction but also leave long-lasting impacts on the affected communities. Northern Pakistan, with its rugged terrain and monsoon climate, is prone to flash floods, which are sudden, intense floods that can wreak havoc on communities and infrastructure. These floods are often triggered by heavy rainfall, glacier lake outbursts, or the breaching of natural dams, posing significant challenges to the region's socio-economic development and environmental stability. Causes of Flash Floods: Monsoon Rains: The monsoon season, typically from July to September, brings heavy rainfall to the region, leading to sa...
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  Introduction to GIS: Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, is a powerful technology that allows us to visualize, analyze, and interpret data to understand patterns, relationships, and trends in a geographic context. GIS integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, manage, manipulate, analyze, and present spatial information. History of GIS: The roots of GIS can be traced back to the early 1960s when Roger Tomlinson developed the Canada Geographic Information System for land-use planning. Since then, GIS has evolved significantly, with advancements in computer technology and software capabilities. In the 1980s, the development of desktop GIS software, such as ESRI's ARC/INFO, revolutionized the field, making GIS more accessible to a wider audience. The 1990s saw the emergence of web-based GIS, allowing users to access and share geographic information over the internet. Today, GIS has become an indispensable tool in various fields, including urban planning, environmental m...
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  GEOGRAPHY: Definition, Scope, Importance and Relationship with other sciences Definition : Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features and atmosphere, including how human activity affects and is affected by these elements. It explores the interactions between humans and their environment, focusing on spatial relationships and patterns. Scope : Geography encompasses a wide range of topics, including physical geography (study of Earth's physical features), human geography (study of human societies and their environments), environmental geography (study of the interactions between humans and the environment), and geospatial science (study of spatial data and its applications). Importance : Understanding the Earth : Geography helps us understand the Earth's physical and cultural landscapes, including natural processes and human activities. Solving Global Issues : It provides insights into environmental challenges, climate change, urbanization, and other global...
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